Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Activities of Zanthoxylum rhetsa Root
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Dried roots of Zanthoxylum rhetsa were extracted with hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol using maceration technique to obtain the hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol crude extracts, respectively. All crude extracts were examined for the total phenolic and total flavonoid constituents, antioxidant and cytotoxic activities. In addition, the preliminary phytochemical screening for the main groups of secondary metabolites were also investigated. The general detection reagents showed the presence of various secondary metabolites, especially the alkaloids which was the major component of all extracts. The highest total phenolic and total flavonoid were found in the methanol crude extract, followed by the crude ethyl acetate and hexane extracts. The methanol crude extract exhibited the strongest DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50; 1.12 ± 0.01 mg/mL) and reducing power in the comparison to the other extracts. The evaluation of antioxidant activities of all extracts showed a positive correlation between total phenolic and total flavonoid contents. The results of cytotoxicity screening found that hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol crude extracts exhibited specific and potent cytotoxic effect against only small cell lung cancer NCI-H187 with IC50 values of 22.78, 26.50 and 3.37 μg/mL, respectively. The present study suggests that the extracts of Z. rhetsa roots are a new source of natural antioxidant for protective as well as prevention of life-threating diseases. In addition, the root of Z. rhetsa may have the potential to be developed into therapeutic option for treating cancer with high specificity.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Articles in this journal are copyrighted by the x may be read and used for academic purposes, such as teaching, research, or citation, with proper credit given to the author and the journal.use or modification of the articles is prohibited without permission.
statements expressed in the articles are solely the opinions of the authors.
authors are fully responsible for the content and accuracy of their articles.
other reuse or republication requires permission from the journal."
References
Adedapo, A.A., et al. (2008). Antioxidant activities and phenolic contents of the methanol extracts of the stem of Acokanthera oppositifolia and Adenia gummifera. BMC Complementary & Alternative Medicine, 8, 1-11.
Ahsan, M., et al. (2000). Constituents and cytotoxicity of Zanthoxylum rhetsa stem bark. Fitoterapia, 71, 679-700.
Ahsan, M., et al. (2014). Cytotoxic dimeric quinolone-terpene alkaloids from the root bark of Zanthoxylum rhetsa. Phytochemistry, 103, 8-12.
Atkins, J.H. & Gershell, L.J. (2002). Selective anticancer drugs. Nature Reviews, 1, 491-492.
Bray, F., et al. (2013). Estimates of global cancer prevalence for 27 sites in the adult population in 2008. International Journal of Cancer, 135(5), 1133-1145.
Chang, C., et al. (2002). Estimation of total flavonoid content in propolis by two complementary colorimetric methods. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 10, 178-182.
Charoenying, P., et al. (2008). Biological activities of Zanthoxylum limonella Alston. fruit extracts. The KMITL Science and Technology Journal, 8, 12-15.
Choi, S. & Chung, M.H. (2003). A review on the relationship between Aloe vera components and their biological effects. Seminars in Integrative Medicine, 1(1), 53-62.
Chowdhury, Y.M., Wahab, M.A. & Begum, J. (1994). Medicinal plants of Bangladesh. Dhaka : Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Indnstrial Research.
Duh, P.D. (1998). Antioxidant activity of burdock (Arctium lappa Linne) : its scavenging effect on free radical and active oxygen. Journal of American Oil Chemists’s Society, 75, 455-461.
Ghani, A. (1998). Medicinal plants of Bangladesh-chemical constituents and uses. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, 325.
Graham, J.G., et al. (2000). Plants used against cancer. Journal of Ethno Pharmacology, 73(3), 347-377.
Hussain, S.P., Hofseth, L.J. & Harris, C.C. (2003). Radical causes cancer. Nature Reviews Cancer, 3, 276-285.
Islam, Md.K., et al. (2014). Antinociceptive and antioxidant activity of Zanthoxylum budrunga wall (Rutaceae) seed. The Scientific World Journal, 1, 1-7.
Karalliedde, L. & Gawarammana, I. (2007). Traditional herbal medicines : A guide to their safe use. London : Hammersmith.
Lima, L.M., et al. (2009). Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of the ethanolic extracts from Zanthoxylum riedelianum (Rutaceae) leaves and stem bark. Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics, 59, 1151-1158.
McDonald, S., et al. (2001). Phenolic content and antioxidant activity of olove extracts. Food Chemisty, 73, 73-84.
Nabholtz, J.M.A., et al. (2002). Combination chemotherapy for metastatic breast cancer. Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy, 2(2), 169-180.
Nanasombat, S. & Wimuttigosol, P. (2011). Antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of spice essential oils. Food Science Biotechnology, 20(1), 45-53.
Narang, A.S. & Desai, D.S. (2009). Anticancer Drug Development. Pharmaceutical Perspectives of Cancer Therapeutics, 1, 49-92.
Newman, D.J. & Cragg, G.M. (2007). Natural products as sources of new drugs over the last 25 years. Journal of Natural Products, 70(3), 461-477.
O' Brien, J., et al. (2000). Investigation of the Alamar Blue (resazurin) Fluorescent dye for the assessment of mammalian cell cytotoxicity. European Journal of Chemistry, 267(17), 5421-5426.
Oyaizu, M. (1986). Studies on product of browning reaction prepared from glucosamine. Japanese Journal of Nutrition, 44(6), 307-315.
Payum, T., et al. (2013). Folk use and antioxidant potential determination of Zanthoxylum rhetsa DC. Shoot-A highly hot spice folk vegetable of Arunachal Pradesh, India. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 4(2). 4597-4602.
Penali, L., et al. (2007). Low antiplasmodial activity of alkaloids and amide from the stem bark of Zanthoxylum rubescens (Rutaceae). Parasite, 14(2), 161-164.
Reddy, L. & Jose, B. (2011). Statistical analysis of the antibacterial activity of Zanthoxylum rhetsa seed essential oil. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 3(1), 440-444.
Rice-Evans, C.A., Miller, J.M. & Paganga, G. (1996). Struture-antioxidant activity relationship of flavonoid and phenolic acids. Free Radical Biology & Medicine, 20, 933-956.
Rice-Evans, C.A., Miller, J.M. & Paganga, G. (2014). Perspective studies on novel anticancer drug from natural origin : A comprehensive review. International Journal of Pharmacology, 10(2), 90-108.
Saeidnia, S. & Abdollahi, M. (2013). Antioxidants: Friends or foe in prevention or treatment of cancer. Toxicol Applied Pharmacology, 271, 49-63.
Selvakumar, P., Kaniakumari, D. & Loganathan, V. (2012). Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of red flowered Mirabillis jalapa leaf in different solvents. International Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences, 3(4), 440-446.
Somanabandhu, A.O., et al. (1992). Constituents of the stem bark of Zanthoxylum limonella. Journal of the Science Society of Thailand, 18, 181-185.
Sreelekha, M., et al. (2014). Cytotoxicity of 6-acetonyldihydrochelerythrin, arnottianamide and 6-(2-hydroxypropyl)-dihydrocherythrine towards human cancer cell lines. Indian Journal of Chemistry, 53B, 647-651.
Stevens, L.H., et al. (2000). Effect of climate conditions and plant developmental stage on the stability of antibodies expressed in transgenic tobacco. Plant Physiology, 124(1), 173-182.
Suksathan, R., et al. (2009). Note on spice plants in the genus Zanthoxylum (Rutaceae) in Northern Thailand. Thai Forest Bulletin (Botany). The Flora Thailand Meeting, 197-204.
Tantapakul, C., et al. (2012). Antibacterial compounds from Zanthoxylum rhetsa. Archives of Pharmacal Research, 35(7), 1139-1142.
Wallace, H.J. & Higby, D.J. (1974). Phase I evaluation of cis-Platinum (II) diammine chloride (PDD) and a combination of PDD plus Adriamycin. In Connors T.A., Roberts J.J. (eds) Platinum Coordination Complexes in Cancer Chemotherapy. Recent Results in Cancer Research, 48. Heidelberg : Springer-Verlag.
Wannissorn, B., et al. (2005). Antibacterial properties of essential oils from Thai medicinal plants. Fitoterapia, 76, 233-236.
Wiltshaw E., & Carr B. (1974). cis-Platinum (II) diamminedichloride. In Connors T.A., Roberts J.J. (eds) Platinum Coordination Complexes in Cancer Chemotherapy. Recent Results in Cancer Research, 48. Heidelberg : Springer-Verlag.
Yen, G.C. & Duh, P.D. (1994). Scavenging effect of methanolic extracts of peanut hulls on free-radical and active oxgegen species. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 42, 629-632.
Yen, G.C. & Duh, P.D. (1993). Antioxidative properties of methanolic extracts from peanut hulls. Journal of the American Oil Chemists’s Society, 70, 383-386.
Young, I.S. & Woodside, J.V. (2001). Antioxidants in health and disease. Journal Clinical Pathology, 54, 176-186.
