Germination and Early Life Stage Development of Lettuce and Carrot upon Exposures to Dissolved Microcystins

Thanh-Son  Dao; Van-Loi  Quach; Thanh-Huong Tran Tran

Authors

Thanh-Son Dao Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City
Van-Loi Quach Nguyen An Ninh High School, Di An City, Binh Duong Province, Vietnam
Thanh-Huong Tran Tran Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City

Keywords:

Cyanobacterial toxins, Seedling, Exposure, Impacts

Abstract

Cyanobacterial mass development and their toxins have become an environmental issue recently. In this study, we tested the effects of two crude extracts contained microcystins (MC), including an isolated Microcystis aeruginosa and a water blooms sample collected from Dau Tieng Reservoir, Vietnam, on the seed germination, root and shoot prolongation and wet weight (WW) during the seedling of lettuce and carrot. The MC concentrations were environmentally relevant, 1-100 μg/L and the experimental period lasted for 7 days. We found that both lettuce and carrot seeds were suffered from the MC impact with a lower germination rate compared to control. After 4 and 7 days of the experiment, the root and shoot of both plants were shorter upon MC incubation and the higher MC concentration applied, the shorter length of root and shoot was. The WW of lettuce and carrot seedling was significantly reduced in exposures to MC at the concentrations of 10 and 100 μg/L. This study confirmed the potent toxicity of MC from Vietnam waters at the environmental concentrations to lettuce and carrot. Bioaccumulation and distribution of MC in the plants are suggested to investigate in the future.

References

Al-Sultan, E. A., & Hatem, M. T. (2019). Toxic effects of purified microcystins from soil blue-green alga Oscillatoria pseudogeminata on tomato plant Lycopersicon esculentum. Baghdad Science Journal, 16(1), 169-177.

Chen, J., Song, L., Dai, J., Gan, N., & Liu, Z. (2004). Effect of microcystins on the growth and the activity of superoxide dismutase and peroxidase of rape (Brassica napus L.) and rice (Oryza sativa L.). Toxicon, 43(4), 393-400.

Chorus, I., & Bartram, J. (1999). Toxic cyanobacteria in water: A guide to their public health consequences, monitoring and management. London: E & FN Spon.

Codd, G. A. (1999). Cyanobacterial toxins: their occurrence in aquatic environments and significance to health. Bulletin de l’Institut Océanographique Monaco, 19, 483-500.

Dao, T. S., Cronberg, G., Nimptsch, J., Do-Hong, L. C., & Wiegand, C. (2010). Toxic cyanobacteria from Tri and Reservoir, Vietnam. Nova Hedwigia, 90, 433-448.

Dao T. S., Le, T. H., Pham, T. L., Do-Hong, L. C., & Nguyen, P. D. (2014). Influences of cyanobacterial toxins microcystins on the seedling of plants. Journal of Environmental Protection, 5, 35-41.

Duong, T. T., Le, T. P. Q., Dao, T. S., Pflugmacher, S., Rochelle-Newall, E., Hoang, T. K., … Dang, D. K. (2013). Seasonal variation of cyanobacteria and microcystins in the Nui Coc Reservoir, Northern Vietnam. Journal of Applied Phycology, 25, 1065-1075.

Ha, M. H., & Pflugmacher, S. (2013). Phytotoxic effects of the cyanobacterial neurotoxin anatoxin-a: Morphological, physiological and biochemical responses in aquatic macrophyte, Ceratophyllum demersum. Toxicon, 70, 1-8.

Jarvenpaa, S., Lundberg-Niinisto, C., Spoof, L., Sjovall, O., Tyystjarvi, E., & Meriluoto, J. (2007). Effects of microcystins on broccoli and mustard, and analysis of accumulated toxin byliquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Toxicon, 49(6), 865-874.

Kurki-Helasmo, K., & Meriluoto, J. (1998). Microcystin uptake inhibits growth and protein phosphatase activity in mustard (Sinapis alba L.) seedlings. Toxicon, 36, 1921-1926.

MacKintosh, C., Beattie, K. A., Klumpp, S., Cohen, P., & Codd, G. A. (1990). Cyanobacterial microcystin-LR is a potent and specific inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A from both mammals and higher plants. FEBS Letters, 264(2), 187-192.

McElhiney, J., Lawton, L. A., & Leifert, C. (2001). Investigations into the inhibitory effects of microcystins on plant growth, and the toxicity of plant tissues following exposure. Toxicon, 39(9), 1411-1420.

Mikhailov, A., Harmala-Brasken, A. S., Hellman, J., Meriluoto, J., & Eriksson, J. E. (2003). Identification of ATP-synthetase as a novel intracellular target for microcystin-LR. Chemico-Biological Interactions, 142, 223-237.

Mitrovic, S. M., Allis, O., Furey, A., & James, K. J. (2005). Bioaccumulation and harmful effects of microcystin-LR in the aquatic plants Lemna minor and Wolffia arrhiza and the filamentous alga Chladophora fracta. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 61(3), 345-352.

Nguyen, H. Q., Ha, N. T., & Pham, T. L. (2020). Inland harmful cyanobacterial bloom prediction in the eutrophic Tri An Reservoir using satellite band ratio and machine learning approaches. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 9135-9151. doi:10.1007/s11356-019-07519-3

Paerl, H. W., & Huisman, J. (2009). Climate change: A catalyst for global expansion of harmful cyanobacterial blooms. Environmental Microbiology Reports, 1(1), 27-37.

Pflugmacher, S. (2004). Promotion of oxidative stress in the aquatic macrophyte Ceratophyllum demersum during biotransformation of the cyanobacterial toxin microcystin-LR. Aquatic Toxicology, 70(3), 169-178.

Pflugmacher, S., Aulhorn, M., & Grimm, M. (2007). Influence of a cyanobacterial crude extract containing microcystin-LR on the physiology and antioxidative defence systems of different spinach variants. New Phytologist, 175(3), 482-489.

Pflugmacher, S., Wiegand, C., Beattie, K. A., Codd, G. A., & Steinberg, C. (1998). Uptake of the cyanobacterial hepatotoxin microcystin-LR by aquatic macrophytes. Journal of Applied Botany, 72, 228-232.

Pham, T. L., Dao, T. S., Shimizu, K., Do-Hong, L. C., & Utsumi, M. (2015). Isolation and characterization of microcystin-producing cyanobacteria from Dau Tieng Reservoir, Vietnam. Nova Hedwigia, 101, 3-20.

Pham, T. L., Dao, T. S., Tran, N. D., Nimptsch, J., Wiegand, C., & Motoo, U. (2017). Influence of environmental factors on cyanobacterial biomass and microcystin concentration in the Dau Tieng Reservoir, a tropical eutrophic water body in Vietnam. International Journal of Limnology, 53, 89-100.

Pietsch, C., Wiegand, C., Ame, M. V., Nicklisch, A., Wunderlin, D., & Pflugmacher, S. (2001). The effects of a cyanobacterial crude extract on different aquatic organisms: Evidence for cyanobacterial toxin modulating factors. Environmental Toxicology, 16(6), 535-542.

Stuven, J., & Pflugmacher, S. (2007). Antioxidative stress response of Lepidium sativum due to exposure to cyanobacterial secondary metabolites. Toxicon, 50(1), 85-93.

Vasconcelos, V. M., & Pereira, E. (2001). Cyanobacteria diversity and toxicity in a wastewater treatment plant (Portugal). Water Research, 35(5), 1354-1357.

Vo, T. M. C., Pham, T. L., & Dao, T. S. (2016). Detrimental impacts of toxic Microcystis aeruginosa from Vietnam on life hsitory traits of Daphnia magna. Journal of Vietnamese Environment, 8(1), 56-61.

Weiss, J., Liebert, H. P., & Braune, W. (2000). Influence of microcystin-RR on growth and photosynthetic capacity of the duckweed Lemna minor L. Journal of Applied Botany, 74, 100-105.