Anti-inflammatory, Antioxidant Activities, and Chromatographic Chemical Profiling of Ethanolic Crude Extracts from Three Phlai Species and Plantago major L.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.57260/stc.2025.1128Keywords:
Phlai extract, Plantago major L.extract, Anti-inflammatory activity, Antioxidant activityAbstract
This study aimed to investigate the in vitro anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, as well as the preliminary phytochemical profiles, of ethanolic extracts from three Zingiber species; yellow Phlai (Zingiber cassumunar Roxb.), black Phlai (Zingiber ottensii Valeton), and white Phlai (Zingiber kerrii Craib) and Plantago major L. (Ya-En-Yued), a medicinal herb traditionally used in Thai folk medicine for pain and inflammation relief. The extracts were prepared using an environmentally friendly ethanolic extraction method. The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated in comparison with the standard drug Diclofenac diethylammonium, while antioxidant activity was determined using the DPPH radical scavenging assay. All extracts were semi-solid with varying colors and characteristic herbal aromas. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) analysis revealed that the three Phlai extracts exhibited similar Rf values in all solvent systems, while the Plantago major extract showed distinct Rf patterns (Rate of flow). None of the extracts shared Rf values similar to Diclofenac diethylammonium, indicating different active constituents. The in vitro anti-inflammatory test demonstrated that the ethanolic extracts of yellow, black, and white Phlai had IC50 values of 0.67 ± 0.00, 3.85 ± 0.25, and 1.41 ± 0.11 mg/ml, respectively, compared with 0.33 ± 0.02 mg/ml for Diclofenac diethylammonium. The Plantago major extract showed no significant anti-inflammatory effect. In the DPPH assay, yellow and black Phlai extracts showed EC50 values of 373.44 ± 0.50 and 438.49 ± 0.22 µg/ml, respectively, while white Phlai and Plantago major exhibited EC50 values > 1000 µg/ml. The standard Ascorbic acid displayed an EC50 of 8.64 ± 0.10 µg/ml, showing significantly higher antioxidant activity (P<0.05). In conclusion, ethanolic extracts of the three Phlai species, particularly Zingiber cassumunar Roxb., exhibited notable in vitro anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. These findings suggest that Phlai extracts have potential as natural active ingredients for developing herbal products aimed at muscle pain relief and inflammation reduction, supporting the sustainable use of Thai medicinal herbs as alternatives to synthetic drugs.
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