Low-Power Hvls Ventilation Integrated with Hybrid Solar Energy for Heat Stress Mitigation and Dairy Cow Welfare Improvement in Open-Housing Barns
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.57260/stc.2026.1636คำสำคัญ:
Heat stress mitigation, Dairy farm management, HVLS ventilation system, Hybrid solar energy, Open-housing dairy systemบทคัดย่อ
Heat stress is a major constraint on dairy production in tropical regions, particularly in open-housing barns with limited environmental control. This study evaluated a low-power high-volume low-speed (HVLS) ventilation system integrated with a hybrid solar energy supply using a matched-season controlled before-and-after quasi-experimental field design. Baseline data were collected from May to August 2023, and post-installation data were collected from May to August 2024. The study was conducted in an open-housing dairy farm with 104 Holstein Friesian crossbred dairy cows. Among these animals, 48 lactating cows were included in the primary evaluation and allocated by barn-zone exposure into a control group (n = 19) located in the non-HVLS zone and a treatment group (n = 29) located under the HVLS airflow coverage area. Barn temperature and relative humidity were measured using custom-built DHT11-based sensor nodes. Respiration rate was determined by counting flank movements for one minute (60 s) before afternoon milking during the hot period, and infrared body surface temperature was measured at the lateral body region using a non-contact infrared thermometer (3CMEDICAL FI-01). In the treatment group, THI decreased from 82.60 to 78.80, average respiration rate decreased from 83.50 to 65.20 breaths/min, and infrared body surface temperature decreased by approximately 0.6 °C. Average daily milk yield increased from 12.80 to 14.30 L/cow/day, representing an approximate 12% improvement in the treatment group, whereas the control group showed no clear change. The system consumed approximately 1.20 kWh/day, with 78% of the energy supplied by the hybrid solar subsystem. Economic estimation using cooperative milk-price records and the electricity tariff during the monitoring period indicated that the additional milk income greatly exceeded the operating electricity cost. These findings suggest that low-power HVLS ventilation integrated with hybrid solar energy is a practical and economically promising approach for improving dairy cow welfare and milk production in tropical open-housing barns.
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