Physicochemical Characteristics of Activated Carbon Produced from Durian Agricultural Waste Materials
Keywords:
Activated charcoal, Biochar, Durian seed and pruned durian brunch, Young durian fruitAbstract
Activated carbon is a highly porous material widely used as adsorbent. This research aimed to prepare and investigate the physicochemical characteristics of activated carbon from durian wastes, including young durian fruit, durian seeds, and pruned durian branches. The materials were first subjected to carbonization at 525 °C for 30 minutes under limited oxygen conditions to obtain biochar. The biochar was then activated by using 70% phosphoric acid (H₃PO₄) and subsequently pyrolyzed at 550 °C for 60 minutes to enhance porosity and produce activated carbon. Among the three raw materials, durian branches yielded the highest amounts of biochar (42.57 ± 0.66%) and activated carbon (13.07 ± 0.35%). Physical properties of the activated carbon were analyzed by several techniques. All materials had moisture contents below 8%, in accordance with TIS 900-2547 standards, ash content ranging from 2.31 to 11.77%, and bulk density values between 0.321 and 0.571 g/cm³. Based on the nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherm analysis, the three types of activated carbon exhibited specific surface areas ranging from 456 to 621 m²/g and pore volumes ranging from 0.3341 to 0.3665 cm³/g. The activated carbon derived from young durian demonstrated the highest surface area and pore volume, with an iodine adsorption value of 912 mg/g. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of all three activated carbon samples revealed a degraded and porous structure, resulting from chemical activation with phosphoric acid in combination with thermal treatment, which contributed to pore formation in the material.
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